Can you tell a dog from a cat by just looking at photographs? I am sure you can – even a four-year-old can. You can do it even when some dog breeds may have lot more in common to a cat than other kinds of dogs. Take a for example. Compare this to a and say a. A pekingese is a lot closer to a typical house cat in size shape shape of the head fur and yet none of us would mistake it for a cat.
Now that we know how to distinguish a cat from a dog let’s try to write down the rules in plain English so that some unfortunate fellow who has never seen a cat or a dog can identify one. That’s where the trouble starts. Even though our brain knows how to do this classification our conscious mind is often incapable of articulating the rules. Our brain is exceptionally good at this type of task. We are amazing machines.
Our animal brains have evolved to do just this with exceptional accuracy. Given a set of examples of any class of objects we can form internal rules through which we can classify a new entity as either a member of a class or not. When we learn to read we are shown many examples of the letter “A,” both hand written and printed and at some point we discover the rule and can positively identify an “A” from all other letters even though each hand-written “A” is really unique. The task becomes easier when we are shown not only members of a class but also examples of nonmembers. We are not only shown examples of “A,” but also examples of all non-A letters.
Things get even more interesting and complex when we learn to classify more abstract things like moral good from bad. All our childhood stories are full of examples of good and bad acts good and bad people and our brain catalogs each until it discovers the rules of how to decide. Later in life when we come across a new situation or a new person we apply these rules and label them as such. We all have slightly different internal rules and hence the difference in our moral compass.
Exactly the same thing happens with our perception of art. As we come across paintings sculptures stories poems music cinema we are told where they stand in terms of quality. When we hear of a novel we are told if it is a “classic.” When we go to a museum we are told that these are examples of some of the best of the breed. Even before we can decide whether we like or not we are informed that he is one of the best we have ever produced. It is impossible for us not to use our pattern-recognition machine in these situations as well – we are programmed to do so – our survival depends on successful and efficient pattern recognition.
True good art often has the ability to move us emotionally or convey a new message but how can we be sure that this response isn’t simply a learned reaction? Appreciating any complex piece of art requires training. It is generally not the case that folks fall in love with. Picasso or unless they have spent a considerable amount to time with classical music modern painting or “good” literature. Is it not possible that what we call artistic training is essentially training for pattern classification?
Now let’s take it a step further. If I have trained myself to appreciate modern art by experiencing it a lot and if my brain is good at that sort of thing then I’ll form rules for discerning what I was told was “good” art and distinguishing it from the “bad.” Now when I visit a gallery to see the work of a new artist. I will apply my rules of “good” and “bad” art and make my judgment on whether this new artist is any good. Since most of the other visitors have also been trained by similar examples of “good” and “bad” art their opinions will often be similar to mine and the new artist will be branded accordingly.
The same logic can be extended to the creators themselves. If I decide to become an artist myself. I will judge my own work by the same abstract rules of “good” and “bad” and produce art that passes my own judgment. Therefore once it is established that some works are examples of good art it almost guarantees that the pattern will be perpetuated by future artists and critics.
Of course there is something more than just pattern recognition here but is there any way for us to ever separate the two? Since there is no observer here who can be outside of the system we can never know to what extent my preference is biased by the pattern-classification training I received in the past. One may argue that we can take someone with no exposure to a particular type of art as an independent subject but that’s not really feasible. Every art form is also a language in itself and without some training and exposure one cannot learn how to read that language. There’s an anecdote about a rich woman who once approached Picasso during one of his shows and told him. “Mr. Picasso. I really do not understand your art.” Picasso replied. “Madame do you know Chinese?” Puzzled she replied “No.” Picasso said. “but Chinese can be learnt.”
How will we ever know the true difference between elitism perpetuated through pattern recognition and the intrinsic value of a piece of art? Is it even a valid question to which we can ever expect to get a meaningful answer?
I think you made a mistake when you went from “dog” and “cat” to “moral good from bad” and then to “art” in confusing three DIFFERENT types of patterns.
“dog” and “cat” is fairly constant. “moral good from bad” is somewhat variable - as in for example what was considered improper sexuality over the centuries. “art” is even more subjective - what we regard as great art today was often considered mere popular culture at the time it was created.
Robert Louis Stevenson once wrote that “the purpose of any art is to make a pattern”. Perhaps part of the beauty of art is simply the joy of discovering these patterns which others have planted.
As far as merit is concerned beauty will always be in the eye of the beholder. However as you say elitism is based only indirectly on merit and more on the basis of previous peoples’ opinions of what is good or bad. Nevertheless the “first” people to say that Picasso’s/Beethoven’s/etc work was brilliant whose praises we now all copy were probably relying on their personal taste; so we should do the same.
Moreover it is art that persons of ordinary sensibility like me reject out of hand irrespective of what the current rules may dictate. So there’s something else going on here.
Seth. Georgios and Bob all of you raised somewhat similar doubts about my logic. I must first admit that what I said is no more than a conjecture which seemed to make sense to me. Having said that let me try to respond to some of the questions.
Seth. I agree they are three very different kinds of patterns but my choice was deliberate. I do not believe that we have specific mechanisms in our brain to deal with different types of patterns but rather a very powerful and general mechanism that can adapt to recognize all types of patterns that life throws at us. (As a side note my doctoral dissertation tried to show that the same pattern recognition mechanism can also be used to find “patterns” in the pattern-rules we have previously discovered and this can lead to the heuristics that we use to solve other problems — pulling oneself with the bootstrap). Our classification rules change based on our experience whether it is morality or art. The moral framework that you and I may share is probably very different from a Victorian person because we are exposed to a very different set of examples of what is “good” and “bad”.
This becomes even clearer when it comes to art. As Bob pointed out the “rules” are constantly changing. However artistic styles generally does not change abruptly but rather makes relatively smooth transitions. Pollock could not have been appreciated in the times of Monet and Monet could not have been appreciated during Renaissance. If I am trained by a certain set of examples of “good” art then I can probably deviate a little from there but not a whole lot. That is my pattern recognition mechanism would allow me to tweak it a little but not drastically. Therefore as an art lover from the 15th century my aesthetic rules would not be able to extend to include the works of Monet. In other words the fact that styles change slowly supports my assertion. What is also interesting is that the model is cumulative. Standing at any point in history we can “appreciate” all the artistic styles that preceded it. Every generation is exposed to more examples of “good” art and our model expands accordingly. Of course we apply our personal taste and judgment on top of all this and I am not at all diminishing the intrinsic emotional value captured in good art.
To answer Georgios point about the “first” fans of Beethoven — I am not sure they did that judgment in vacuum. Their aesthetic sensibility was tuned by what they were trained to like and Beethoven introduced something new but not as new as Stravinsky. That is it was something their pattern recognition model could accommodate and at the same time be thrilled by its originality beauty and emotional appeal. We all rely on our personal taste and we will continue to do so but it is also worth asking the question what factors influence our personal taste.
How will we ever know the true difference between elitism perpetuated through pattern recognition and the intrinsic value of a piece of art? Is it even a valid question to which we can ever expect to get a meaningful answer?”
Kunal if your first assertion above is correct i e. “there is no observer here who can be outside of the system”. I think you are absolutely correct in your conclusion. Without someone who can “step outside of the system” and give us an idea of what may constitute an acceptable standard or plumb line. I don’t think we can distinugish between what our own trained and influenced “pattern recognition” finds beautiful and valuable and the intrinsic value of a piece of art. Here. I also think Bob has raised some very good points and questions above which I don’t think you have really given a satisfactory response to. The big question I have for you however is how confident are you of that first assertion and what do you think anything could ever change your mind? What do you think would need to be involved?
Appreciation of art is possibly one of the most complex things that our brain does so it would be absurd to think that pattern recognition is the only mechanism behind it. All I am claiming is that it is possibly one of the many factors but it would be very difficult for us to find out the magnitude of its influence on our artistic perceptions.
Nathan to answer your question. I really do not see how we can ever test this hypothesis. However. I am no more than a curious observer publicly discussing something that I found intriguing. I am sure there are people out there who can approach this problem from a more scholarly standpoint and I would love to know what they think.
Regarding Bob’s example of a preserved shark as an object of art — here a very different measure of artistic validity is at play. Appreciation of conceptual art like this which gain importance by the originality of the underlying idea also forms its own pattern class. However as an individual. I may reject the whole notion of this type of art and therefore never allow my brain to incorporate this pattern into my existing set of rules that I use to classify “good” art.
Georgios. I totally agree with you that for certain types of art discovering the structural pattern is where the joy is. This becomes more important as the art gets more abstract. Music is possibly one of the most abstract forms of art and here discovery of the mathematical pattern becomes a huge part of the reward and enjoyment. With simple tunes the patterns are simpler they are easier to decode and hence easier to like but also easier to get bored with. Complex structures in classical music is much harder to decode and therefore needs extended exposure before we can start enjoying it but once we do the joy is deeper and each time we listen to it our brain discovers new structures and the enjoyment lasts for ever.
It is a bit surprising that trying to understand why I like art does not diminish my enjoyment of it in any way. If anything it makes it more mysterious and attractive. To me art is the ultimate celebration of the most complex and fascinating thing in the universe – our mind. This tiny mass of tissue has the power to comprehend all the complexities of the whole universe and yet can’t fully figure out why we like what we like.
Also - when you speak of the “shark art” and its “*very different* measure of artistic validity” - going on to say that an indivual may not recognize it as “good” art… are you trying to convey that this judgment of theirs may well be true but you do not see how we could ever know for sure? Correct me if I am wrong.
Nathan thank you very much for assuring me that this is not all nonsense because honestly speaking. I wasn’t so sure. I have no formal qualification to say all the things that I am saying and apart from reflecting on these questions. I cannot claim that I did any real research on the topic. Therefore my arguments are based not on what others have said about it but only on my own logical analysis. That’s why I believe that experts must have already discussed this issue and there may even be some sort of accepted conclusions.
Now let me try to answer your original question based purely on my logic and nothing else. As I said before any complex art form requires training before one can appreciate it. Knowing how to read does not prepare one to appreciate modern poetry or having a pair of ears is not enough to enjoy classical music. Some art forms may be more accessible than others but without adequate exposure one cannot learn the “language” or the basic grammar of that art form. This “training” need not necessarily involve a “tutor” but requires the exposure to a large variety of examples of that art form.
Therefore it is conceivable to do our experiment by taking someone who has no exposure to a given art form show plenty of examples (which must include not just the famous examples but a much wider spectrum) and then check if this individual’s evaluation of specific pieces roughly agrees with the rest of the expert community. The problem is in reality it would be very difficult to isolate these examples from the pre-existing value judgment. The fact that the author of the book received the Nobel Prize or that a certain painting is displayed in a major museum would inevitably start providing clues about the pre-existing ranking and start the process of pattern recognition.
As I said before there is of course the issue of liking a piece of art because of the inherent quality of that piece. A piece of music can have a complex pattern and the joy of decoding that could be independent of anything else. A novel may touch a chord in my personal life. A representational painting can evoke nostalgia. An abstract painting can appeal to my visual sense of symmetry and balance. An interesting departure of this is when you look at contemporary conceptual art where context becomes so important that it is almost impossible to judge it outside of that context. Take Ad Reinhardt’s “black paintings” that he did during the 50’s and 60’s. These almost nearly uniform black canvases adorn the walls of most major museums. However if I paint a black canvas like that today. I will have no chance of getting it selected for even a minor show. This proves that the value of that style is only relevant in its historical context and devoid of that it looses its meaning. But this and the “shark art” can be the topic of another essay because that is another area that intrigues me a lot.
I am not sure I answered your question or not. If not then may be we should limit our discussion to a narrower range – may be just abstract painting or just classical music. Each art form has its own distinctive attributes and may be combining them all under one umbrella is making the logic more dense and confusing us.
I am not sure if you understood what I was getting at. My major question for you simply dealt with the issue of whether there could be an observer outside the system who could *even begin* to give us a standard by which we could judge the “inherent quality” of the art in a way that goes beyond - transcends - our own varying subjective impressions. Tacit and subjective impressions aside when we get around to eaplicitly talking about what is really real art can we say anything that is ever universal for human beings?
As a Christian of course I think there is. And I think Gene Edward Veith’s books about art are very thought-provoking (look in worldcat org under his name). If you are an artist who also believes that all manner of empirical research is valuable and might be able to have some real significance on the way we view the world. I suggest the work by John Warwick Montgomery “Tractatus Logico-Theologicus” (via Amazon) (as he endeavors to show why its reasonable to believe that there is indeed someone “outside the system” who could provide us a meaningful plumb-line that is not utterly self-fixated).
By the way when you say. “As I said before any complex art form requires training before one can appreciate it. Knowing how to read does not prepare one to appreciate modern poetry or having a pair of ears is not enough to enjoy classical music”. I recall the works of the scientist-philosopher Michael Polanyi. With remaining a realist about the world “out there”. Polanyi said that something very similar to what you’ve said above was actually true about great scientists as well. I suggest his works as well.
You do leave me puzzled though. In stating that you are a certain atheist. I am not sure how you can really consistently talk about “inherent quality” - am I to assume you are using this pharase in a more or less utilitarian fashion i e something that “could be interpreted as profitable for man’s comfort or useful in the universal battle for survival” (Schumacher. A Guide for the Perplexed)? Not that man’s comfort or survival aren’t important but how useful are these words you are using really when your choice of art may not be profitable to my comfort? Can you see how this would be misleading? Perhaps you should find a turn of phrase that would better express the subjective / limited nature of your view.
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http://blogs.britannica.com/blog/main/2007/11/art-and-elitism-a-form-of-pattern-recognition/#comment-232736
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